WordLock - Hacking a Bicycle Bike Lock with C#

WordLock - Hacking a Bicycle Bike Lock with C# - for fun!

Walking with a friend last week, we found a bike lock in the middle of the street.  The lock is called a "Word Lock" and is a popular design.  Instead of using numbers, it uses letters -- where you choose a word to make the lock's combination.  The available letters are a mixture of real words and nonsense words.

I wondered, is it crackable?

Can I write a C# program, showing all possible combinations, both nonsense and real words, and then whittle-down that list to only "word-like combinations"?  Then use that list to break in?  Yes! 

Don't care to write the program - go to the end of the article to see how to protect your word-lock from programs like this.

Assumptions:

* 4 Rings, with 10 letters each.

* Some word are good words:  "band", "bald", "rose"

* Not all four-letter words are real, but look like a word:  "baad", "dumm", "wity"

* Some four-letter words are not words and can be discounted: "bwrd", "fwot"

* Assume the person who owned the lock used a word or word-like four-letter phrase.

Of all the possible combinations, why limit my choices to "wordy-words?  It is called  WordLock!  Of course the previous owner used a word!  -- I hope.

The Rings have mixed letters in a variable order.  

For example, on my lock, Ring1 has the letters b,f,r,m,d,t,s,w,p, and L, for a total of 10 letters.  The second Ring has a different set of letters (a,u,y,r...), the third ring (a,o,k...), and so on.

That makes 10,000 combinations -- 10x10x10x10 -- but I was betting only a few hundred were "real" words -- a majority of the combinations could be discounted.

You are invited to try writing a program to generate all combinations yourself.  Use Python, C#, Cobol, VB, and it could even be done in an Excel macro.  Compare your program with the one in this article.  Drop a comment here and tell me how you did.

If you don't know how to write a C# program, consider my book "War and Peace Programming"  (Amazon.com), where I talk about things just like this (but not bike locks).

The Rings, if you are trying this yourself:
R1  "b", "f", "r", "m", "d", "t", "s", "w", "p", "l"
R2  "a", "u", "y", "r", "w", "h", "e", "l", "o", "i"
R3  "a", "o", "k", "s", "n", "t", "m", "r", "e", "l"
R4  "d", "l", "y", "p", "e", "t", "s", "m", "k", "g"

Each bike lock might have different letters on its rings, but I think all are the same.  Photos on the Internet show the same characters as mine.  Other testing shows Ring1, which is all consonants, starts more real words than the other rings, so I doubt the manufacturer varies the letters.

The Technique:

Four nested loops are needed, one for each Ring.  The first loop starts with Ring1's first-letter 'b', then it needs to try every combination on Rings2, 3, and 4.  Once done, Ring1 moves to its second letter 'f' and repeats the tests.

It is a bit more complicated than that.  It really works like this:

Ring1 (R1), Letter 1
  Ring 2, Letter 1
    Ring 3, Letter 1
      Ring 4, try every letter
         >> Generate words R1-1, R2-1, R3-1, [R4 1-10]

then
   Ring 1, Letter 1
     Ring2, Letter 1
       Ring3, Letter 2
         Ring4, every letter >>  R1-1, R2-1, R3-2, [R4 1-10]

Ultimately, after several hundred combinations, working your way up the rings, Ring1 will move to Letter 2.  This can be done with a half-dozen lines of code.

Are you serious?

Did I actually think the logic through before writing the code?  No. 

Knowing a loop-within-a-loop was needed, there was confidence it would generate the results -- it is in the nature of how nested loops work.  Once written, all I needed was to spot-check the results from the top of the combinations, then spot-check the bottom.  I could spin the dials on the actual lock to confirm the right order.

The program writes the results into a text file, 10,000 records deep.  Here are the first-20, and last-20 results.  Most of the generated words are nonsense:

First20      Last20
baal        (where "b" was Ring1's first letter)
baap   lirk
baae   lirg
baas   liel
baam   liey
baak*  liep
baag*  liee
baod   liet* Possible word?  Dune fan?
baol   liem
baoy   liek
baop   lieg
baoe   lild
baot   lill*
baos   lily*
baom   lilp
baok   lile
baog   lilt*
bafd   lils
bafy   lilm
bafp   lilk
       lilg (where each letter is the 10th in its Ring)


In the hope of narrowing-down the list to legitimate words, I loaded the list into a word processor and glanced at the spelled and misspelled words. 

Bad news:  Too many words were "word-like" but were flagged as misspelled. 

What teenage boy wouldn't want to use these words:  "baad", "baty", "byod", "blep"....  How do I know it was a teenage boy?  A girl would never be dumb enough to lose her bike lock.

Flagging the words:

Instead, I loaded the words into a spreadsheet, keeping them in their generated order. Then I manually flagged each 'word-like-word' by hand, putting an 'x' in the next column.  In a short evening, I found 608 likely words.  Flagging 608 was easier than unflagging 9,392 words.  Large swaths of similar letters (fyug, fy-this, fy-that) were quickly ignored.  If a word were missed here-or-there, it had a low probability of being the "one true word."

Filter the list by the flags, keeping their same order.

My flagged word list, starting with Ring1, letter-1 ... spellcheckers be damned:

1     baad first flagged
3     baay
6     baak
7     baag
22    bafl
32    basl
35    base
39    bask
41    band
45    bane
49    bank
50    bang
:           plus lots of other word-like words...
:
and ended here, at row 608:
9965  lime
9981  lied
9987  lies  last-flagged

 

Grunt Work: 
Starting at the top, I methodically tried each combination on the actual bike lock. 

Gasp! 

(Remember, this is a project with a clear, well-motivated goal of a free bike lock.)

Since the combinations are generated in order, I usually only needed to change one or two letters per word because the previous word already set the first two or three letters.

Screaming Success!

On the 363rd attempt, the lock opened on the word "DERP".
Yep, a teenage boy.

I now own a new bike lock, saving over $30!

Is DERP even a word?  Good thing I flagged it.  Total time testing combinations was about 60 minutes(?) -- not counting the labor in building the word list.  Time well-spent for bragging rights such as this.

Statistically, of 600 possible words, finding the right word near the half-way mark (363) was no surprise.  I should have started there.  Time-and-time again, I find when working with sorted random lists, the results are closer to the middle than the wings -- Statisticians among you -- please explain this!  Is it simply being within one standard deviation of the center?  They could have picked the word "baad" just as easily as "lilt"... somewhat puzzled, I am.

The Code:

I wrote this as a console app in Visual Studio C# -- a free development environment from Microsoft (it could have easily been a Windows app tied to a Button1 event). 

At the top of the program, where you would normally initialize new variables, build four single-dimensioned string arrays, representing each Ring.  See the Ring list, earlier.

string[] astrRing1 = new string[] {"b", "f","r","m","d",...};
string[] astrRing2 = new string[] {"a","u","y","r"...};
etc.

Then, in Button1_Click, or in this case, in the main module, allocate an output file and write the nested loops.  The loops are all the same -- a for-next loop -- with each running from one to ten, selecting one letter from their respective array.

Ring 2's loop is nested inside of Ring 1, and the other rings are nested inside of 2's.  

The net effect is Ring 1's loop runs a leisurely 10 times while the inside loops run like hamsters on a wheel.  As they whirl, they concatenate each found letter, assembling into a four-letter word.  As-is typical, it took ten minutes to write the program and an hour to test and verify. 

Running all 10,000 results took about 14 milliseconds.  This constantly amazes me. 

Because this blog isn't well-designed for displaying code, I'll use a screenshot.  The entire program is small enough to fit:

Click for larger view

Note: This code is more condensed and obtuse than one I would write for the real-world.  This goes against the programming skills I teach in my books and classes.  But it was only needed for this one run and I was not expecting it to arrive in an article like this.


Protect your lock from me, and now you

Knowing my victim likely selected a real word, I am amused that 9,400 combinations were immediately tossed.  Having a limited pool of real words is the weakness in the lock's design.  Of course, you could pick a nonsense word, but these are hard to remember, and nobody wants to do that.

If the rings were digits, all 10,000 combinations would be in-play and there would be no rhyme or reason for the numbers chosen, and a filtered list would not have worked. 

Testing the remaining 600 combinations is entirely manageable while watching TV, sitting on the front porch on a lazy summer afternoon.  On average, you would find the answer after 300 attempts.  Once unlocked, it is easy to re-set the lock to any other word, as long as it fits within the letters of the rings.

Here are two tricks that keep the natural words, but make it appear scrambled to the human safe-cracker. 

The back side of the lock shows the same four rings, but does not have a center index.  DERP on the front is LUKK on the back.  Spelling LUKK on the front, is DERP on the back.  Don't tell anyone, but just use the back.  Because the lock-picker does not know you did this, it doubled the number of possible words (and made it a lot messier with 600 nonsense words).

Or, who said the index needs to be in the center of the dial?  If using the left-edge of the window, DERP is spelled "TLEE" on the center-front index. 

Both tricks could be combined, using the left-edge on the back-side, expanding the number of combinations exponentially -- all appearing as gibberish to the casual attacker but are a clear word when you know where to look.    

Either of these ideas thwart+ programmatic attempts and would force an expensive sequential search.  Trying every possible combination takes on average 5,000 attempts before finding the answer, but on a bad day it would take 9,999 attempts.  

This was a fun project.

+It is not every day one gets to use the word 'thwart'.

-end

These techniques are described with kid-gloves in my programming book, War and Peace Programming - Amazon.   (For other projects, see Volume 6 - the Student and Instructor's guide, where you can write a Star Trek Bridge computer simulation, take apart credit card numbers, and other interesting projects.  This is a fun book and makes for a good introduction to programming.)

Install - Raspberry PI Webserver Step-by-Step

Install - Raspberry PI Webserver Step-by-Step instructions
Build an Apache2 Webserver at your home

After switching my domain provider to GoDaddy, I discovered I could not host a simple webpage on the domain without paying a monthly fee (my previous provider hosted simple sites for free).  My needs are unremarkable -- a few pages of static text and I am not paying $12 a month for the privilege.

I thought: Why not build my own webserver and point my domain that direction? 

Oh my gosh, no, you say!  Trust me.  This is not hard.  

Using an inexpensive Raspberry Pi (a small computer for $50 - now $80!), you can install a free operating system, install the web server, and be online with a basic page all within a few hours.  Literally!

This was all new to me, having never done this before.  This article shows the steps.  You do not need to know Linux, or the hardware:

* Raspberry Pi Hardware
* Installing Linux
* Installing Apache Webserver
* Configuring your router
* Pointing your Domain to your website
* Encrypting https with an ssl cert

This is a long article but easy steps.  No panic. Take it one step at-a-time.

Assumptions:

*  You own a registered domain.  Mine is keyliner.com.  Domains run about $15 or $20 per year, which is separate from the webhosting fees I am avoiding.

*  You must be able to login into your Domain Provider's website as an administrator.  e.g. GoDaddy, or other provider.  If you own a domain (such as keyliner.com), you will have a login. 

*  You must be able to login to your home router as administrator.  This article shows a NetGear Wireless router.  All routers work similarly.  Steps illustrated below.

*  Purchase a small computer called a Raspberry Pi.  You might need a USB SD-card reader. 

Raspberry Pi, you say?

To make this work, build a small dedicated computer using a device called a Raspberry Pi. 

"I don't know anything about that!" Neither did I!

And yet, with zero experience, I built the server, installed the Linux operating system, and configured everything -- all in about two hours.  The operating system and webserver software are free.  The only expense is a $50 (now $80) computer.

What is a Raspberry Pi?

A Pi is a small computer, the size of a deck of cards, running Linux and costs about $50 to $60.  It has 4 USB ports, an HDMI video port, an RJ45 wired network port, Bluetooth, a wireless adapter, and a slot for an SD-card. 

Google-search to find a reseller.  I bought mine from Walmart.com.  Any Pi version will work, where I am using an older version 3.  Version 4 is the newer (2022), and version 5 was just announced (2023.10).

You will also need the following:

HDMI cable to connect to your TV or monitor (temporary, just for setup).
Short .5 or 1 Meter (2 - 3 ft) Ethernet patch cable ($5)
Wired or wireless Keyboard (borrow from your PC, temporary)
Wired or wireless Mouse (borrow from your PC, temporary)

16GB or 32GB Micro SD card, with adapter. 

The SD card acts as the Pi's hard drive.  This is the Micro SD card, which is smaller than a postage stamp.  Buy at any electronics or office store for about $15.  Buy the card with a standard-sized adapter so it can plug it into a laptop or desktop's SD slot -- if you don't have a slot, you will have to buy an USB SD Card Reader.  ***Do not buy a 64GB or larger drive; it is not needed, nor will it work.

After setup, the Pi does not need an attached keyboard, mouse, or monitor.  It can be a little box, sitting in the corner, minding its own business.

Prerequisites:

A.  Find an IP Address for the Pi

The Raspberry Pi needs a place to live.  Identify a static (fixed) IP address on your home network/internal network.  Start with your local workstation and discover your network's IP-address range with these easy but geeky steps:

From a DOS / Command prompt (windows-R, "CMD"), type this command:
ipconfig (enter)

* Note your IPV4 address, illustrated.

Yours will probably read something like
192.168.0.10    or
192.168.1.17    etc.
mine happens to be 192.168.100.10

* Note the default Gateway's dot-1 address:  (mine is 192.168.100.1) - This is your main router.  The ".100" is the subnet.  *If* the secondary (wireless) router has a Default Gateway IP Address of ".2", ignore it and do all the work on the (.1) address.

The Pi needs an address in this same subnet.  Practically-speaking, you can guess, and I'd bet picking that last octect as 192.168.100.245 will work.  For that last octet, pick a high number, below 250.  I chose .245.

Test this address: 
From your workstation, open a DOS prompt.  Type this command:

PING 192.168.100.245

If no device answers ("destination unreachable"), then this address is probably safe to use.  Otherwise, try a different near-by-number (.244, .243, etc.).  Write this address down.

Technical notes for those who care:  Home routers assign automatic DHCP addresses to each workstation using a range (or pool) of numbers.  This range varies by router.  Some start at 2 - through 100, others start at 10 through 150.  The range does not matter, but the Raspberry Pi needs a number outside that range, where I am choosing .245  (stay below .250).

Optionally, you can research this by logging into the router: Type the "x.x.x.1" dot-one IP Address in a browser URL.  A login panel appears.  Login as "admin" and use the password the router was installed with (sometimes printed on the back of the router), or as-set in your long-lost documentation.  (See later in this article if you can't login). 

Once logged in, find an advanced setup menu for "LAN Setup" and "Use the Router as a "DHCP Server" (menus will vary).  Confirm the exact DHCP Address range it uses.  It will show something like 10 through 150.  Then pick a number outside of that range (151, 200, 210, 245, etc.).

Continue with these software installs:

B.  Install a console program called Putty

On your local workstation, download and install a small DOS program called Putty.exe (a remote desktop console).  This program will be used later to help administer the Pi. Optionally, place the putty.exe's tile on the start menu to make the program easy-to-find.  Install, but don't worry about using the program yet.

link: https://www.putty.org


C.  Install a Remote Desktop program, VNC



On your local workstation, download and install a remote desktop viewer called "VNC". 

This is also handy for remote administration because you can use your PC's mouse-and-keyboard on the Pi's desktop from another room.  Technically, this program is not needed for this project, but is handy.

link: https://www.realvnc.com/en/connect/download/viewer

Select "Standalone EXE x64 Installer"
Install, but don't worry about using this program yet -- plus, it won't work until the server-side is configured.  Build an icon/tile for your desktop or start menu.


D.  Install FileZilla - an FTP Client



On your local workstation, download and install FileZilla (an ftpClient), or use any other FTP client.  This is needed for webpage development.

Link: https://filezilla-project.org/download.php?type=client

Install, but don't worry about using this program yet.  Put an icon on your desktop or start menu.

E.  Find your "external-facing" IP address:

From your local workstation, Google-search "What is my IP".
Write down your "external-facing" IP address.   This is no where near your home network's addressing.

For example, as-of this writing, mine is "96.19.200.6".

Important Note:  This address can change when your router is rebooted or after a power failure.  From your ISP, you can pay extra for a fixed, "Static" IP address.  I am too cheap.  My address sticks around for months-at-a-time, and if it changes, I am willing to have downtime while I change my "A-Record" (see below).

Alternately, and for fun, install keyliner's free "DeviceID" asset-tag manager, which helps monitor your internal and external IP addresses using a snazzy program.  The program is free and super-easy.   Link: https://keyliner.blogspot.com/2022/06/device-id-asset-tag-management.html

-----------------------------------------------------------
Raspberry Pi Hardware
-----------------------------------------------------------

A new Raspberry Pi is a small circuit board.  Snap the board into the kit's plastic case, and if the kit came with self-adhesive heat-sinks, apply them now.  This is all obvious as you assemble the box.

Next, download and install the Linux operating system:

1.  On your local workstation, plug in your SD-card Reader/adapter and the SD-data-card.  If Windows offers to format the drive, skip.

2.  From a PC, Google "Raspberry Pi OS" download, or this link

https://www.raspberrypi.com/software

Click the "Windows" download button and download "Imager.exe" to your local workstation's temp or download folder (2023: Version 1.7.5).

3.  In Downloads, locate "imager.exe"

Right-Mouse-Click and choose "Run as Administrator"

In the menu
Select your Raspberry Pi hardware version (3, 4, etc.)
Select the top Operating System, "Raspberry Pi OS"
Choose storage: (selecting the 16/32GB card, already inserted) -- be sure to choose the SD card and not your C: drive.

4.  Click Next.

When prompted for "OS Customization", click "Edit"

[x] Set HostName:  keyliner.local 
(replacing keyliner with your domain name) and it is helpful to append the word 'dot-local'.

[x] Username:       
Change to "admini";  recommended*
Set a new password.  Write this down.

Optionally set Wireless (these can be set later)

[x] Enable SSH    *Use password authentication

[x] Set your location (United States, etc.)

Click "Write"

The program paints the new image on the SD card.  You may see a message to Insert the SD card; ignore it.  

Once copied, close the program and eject the SD card.


5.  Insert the Micro-SD card into the Raspberry Pi's card-slot.

• The SD-card installs "up-side-down," into the board's slot
• Push until it subtly clicks in place

6.  Connect the keyboard and monitor:

• Plug-in the HDMI cable to the TV or computer monitor (I used my TV).
  
• Connect a USB Keyboard to the Pi's USB ports (borrow from your desktop; can be wireless)

• Connect a USB Mouse (can be wireless) 
   
• For the initial setup, use either a wired or wireless NETWORK connection.  Wired is preferred. 
  
  For a wired RJ45/Cat5 cable:  If near the main router, connect an RJ45 network cable to any open port on any router.  (Do not plug into the router's "uplink" port; instead plug into one of the 4 or 8 port areas).   Connect the other end to the Pi's RJ45 port. 
  
  If wireless, continue, then later steps configure the wireless network. 
  

• Connect the USB 2.5a power-supply to the Pi, usually supplied in the Pi-kit (any 2.5a micro-USB cell phone charger will work).  Do the power last.
  

The Raspberry Pi will boot (visible on TV or monitor).  You may need to switch the INPUT to find the HDMI port.

Black Screen:  I had troubles, when partway through the install, the TV said "signal not found."  The TV was routed through a stereo, and the stereo would go into power-save mode.  Rebooting the stereo returned the TV's Pi image.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Raspberry Pi Operating System Setup
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

When the Pi first-time boots it arrives at the Linux desktop, using the admini account.

7.  Set a static (fixed) IP address, e.g. 192.168.100.245, with these steps:  

a.  From the desktop's far-right, top menu bar, look for an 'up-down' arrow icon, illustrated.

Right-click the icon
Select "Wired and Wireless Settings"
Select "Interface" and in the second pull-down, choose "Etho0" (Ethernet zero - Wired)

Note:  Initial setup can be done wireless-ly.  Follow the prompts for the wifi wireless connection, with the SSID broadcast name, password, etc., steps not detailed here.  But later, you must change to a wired access.  If using wireless, set both the wireless and the wired-side's IP addresses to .245.

b.  In the IPV4 address, type "192.168.100.245" (use your address; no quotes).
 

Other settings can remain blank and will auto-default
Close the window

c.  From the top-left Raspberry menu, reboot the server


8.  After reboot: Confirm you can see the Internet:

Login to the Pi's desktop, again as "admini". 
From the desktop, launch the chromium browser (see the top Start Menu). 
Confirm you can see the Internet (open Google.com or something).

9.  Patch the OS

In the top, left-side menu, near the Raspberry Start icon, locate the "Terminal" icon. 
This opens to a DOS-like screen. 
Update the Pi's OS with these case-sensitive commands:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade -y

where "sudo" means "super user do".


Remote Administration Testing:

A.  Test Putty (a remote terminal program)

From your local Windows workstation, launch "putty.exe" (previously installed).

In the Host Name or IP Address, type
"keyliner.local"

(your machine's network name, from the install above.  The '.local' appendage is recommended).

You will be prompted, "This is a new connection. Do you trust it?"
Login using "admini"
and the password  (case-sensitive)

This confirms the administration program.  Close the DOS box.
This same "Terminal" window is available on the server's desktop; see top-left menu, "Terminal".


B.  Enable and Test VNC

VNC is a remote desktop (which is different than the Terminal).
First, enable the VNC service by logging into the server (using Putty, or from the server's desktop "Terminal" program).  Login to the server as "admini".

1)  At the command prompt, type
  sudo raspi-config

2)  From the DOS-like menu, select "Interface Options";

Select 'Enable VNC' (not illustrated).
Press Esc a few times to save the changes,
then close the (putty) terminal window

3)  Continue from your local workstation: 

Launch the previously-installed Windows application "VNC" (Real VNC)

Select the small link, "Use RealVNC without signing in"
(You do not need to register or login to their website to use this program.)

4)  Create a new connection by typing "192.168.100.245"

Accept "VNC Server not recognized...do you trust this..."
Confirm you can see the desktop. Wiggle the mouse, browse, etc..
Close VNC

VNC seems to have a bug and will not connect a second time using the same configuration.  To reload the desktop, delete the .245 connection and rebuild each time needed.  Unclear how to resolve this or what I am doing wrong.  My expert friend says use a different program than VNC, but VNC seemed the easiest to install.

I have not revisited this problem.  See this keyliner article for other details: 

https://keyliner.blogspot.com/2023/08/vncviewer-timed-out-waiting-for-response.html

Woo-Hoo!
Congratulations.  The Raspberry Pi's Operating System is installed and ready for the web server.

As an aside, the server's domain name and other settings can be changed with this menu:
From a Terminal or Putty window:
sudo raspi-config

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Installing Apache2 Webserver
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.  From either your workstation's Putty program, VNC, or from the server's terminal window,

login as "admini"

install the "Apache2 webserver" with this case-sensitive command:

sudo apt-get install apache2 -y

Click for larger view

2.  Optionally install PHP

sudo install php libapache2-mod-php -y

PHP is a server-based programming language that some webpages can use.


3.  Optionally, and not particularly recommended, install mySQL database engine:

sudo apt-get install mariadb-server
sudo mysql_secure_installation
sudo apt install php-mysql

I did not install the SQL database.  But if this webserver is going to run billing software, credit-card software, etc., this is probably needed.

4.  Restart Apache for the optional installs.  (There is no prompt or indication that the restart happened. Give the box about a minute after the restart.):

sudo service apache2 restart    

5.  From the same Terminal window, create a recommended "root" account using a 
"Switch User" to 'root' command.  Do not use this account for normal administration.  Be gentle here.

sudo su root    

This is a one-time setup: 
Assign a password to the root account; note irregular spelling
sudo passwd

Write the root password down (I cheated and made this password the same as my admini account)
Leave this terminal window open for later steps.


6.  Optionally, and why-not?  Build a new personal user-id:
(a user name for your personal login.  Flattered if you use my name.)

sudo adduser traywolf   


7.  Make a small security change

While still root:  From a Terminal window (Putty or server desktop), change the owner of the future webpage's html folder:

sudo chown admini /var/www/html

8.  Return to the admini account with this switch-user command:

sudo su admini



Initial Webserver test:

A.  From the Pi's desktop (using either the server's desktop or VNC from your workstation), open the Chromium browser.  Test with this

URL:  http://localhost

The default "debian" webpage displays, illustrated.

(Remember, if using VNC you may need to delete and re-build the connection icon each time you remote-control the desktop.  A bug.)

B.  Second test: From your local workstation's desktop (in the same subnet/network), open any browser and type this case-sensitive URL:

URL:  http://keyliner.local/index.html

*This site is not yet encrypted (https).  The browser will probably prompt "this site is not safe."  Click Advanced options, and "Open anyway" (steps vary by browser). 

The "Debian (Linux brand) default page should display.  As of this writing, the default page looks similar to this:

Setup the FTP Services

sFTP (FileZilla) is used for uploading images and html files to the server.  I recommend FileZilla (installed above).  Treat the sftp program like a file-explorer window that can move files back and forth between your workstation and the server.

a.  From your local Windows workstation, launch FileZilla.

b.  In top-menu, "Site Manager" (the 3-sail icon, upper-left, just underneath the word "File"):

c.  Create a new host - a new "my site"

Protocol:  sftp - SSH file transfer protocol  (required)
Host:  keyliner.local   (your domain name, or simply "keyliner")
Login Type:  "Ask for password"
User:  admini  (note irregular spelling)

d. Click "Connect" and type the admini password

The connection is made.
The panel has two vertical halves.
The left-half is your workstation.

The right-half is the server, showing a "tree-view" on top, and a "detail view" on the bottom.

e.  On the right-half (the server's side)

Tunnel up the tree, arriving at the top-most folder
    Tunnel down, locating folder "var"
        Tunnel to "\var\www\html"  (3 folders deep).

f.  Click and drag the file "index.html" from the server side to a temp folder (or desktop) on your C: drive -- do this by dragging the file from the right-side to the left -- "detail-side to detail-side".  Note:  "One file transferred."  This is a COPY.  (Try to remember the folder you dropped the file into <g>).

- This confirms your rights, with the bonus of positioning a needed html file for later updates.

sftp testing complete.  Close FileZilla.

Possible problem
Along the top menu bar you can launch an ad-hoc connection.  These will fail because it is missing the SSH protocol.

Click for larger image

Grant VNC Rights:

If you installed VNC, grant user rights to use VNC

From the server's desktop or from Putty/VNC (logged in as admini)

Look on the top title-bar.  On the far-Right, Right-mouse-click the "Rvnc" icon (near the Wireless/Wired network settings)

Select "Options"
Select "Users and Permissions"
"Add"
add user traywolf  (your named account)

Build a WebEditors Group

From the server's desktop (or using your desktop's Putty), open a "Terminal" window (see top title-bar "Terminal" icon).  Type these commands, granting a second, non-administrative account rights to the html directories:

a.  Start by switching to the root account.  

sudo su root

b. Then, continue with these commands:
where all are case-sensitive commands
where "webeditors" is a made-up name for new group.

sudo addgroup webeditors  
sudo adduser traywolf webeditors
sudo adduser admini webeditors
sudo chgrp -R webeditors /var/www/html  
sudo chmod -R g+rw /var/www/html

sudo chmod -R a+rx /var/www/html        (grants all users read)

Leave the terminal window open for the next step.


c.  Similarly, do these rights changes, while still at the su root login:

sudo chown admini /etc/apache2/sites-available
sudo chgrp -R webeditors /etc/apache2/sites-available
sudo chmod -R g+rw /etc/apache2/sites-available

Close the terminal window


Edit the 000-default.config File:

Apache/Linux tightly locked some of these files, keeping them ReadOnly, even though some rights were granted above, apparently incorrectly.  Until I figure this out, here is a work-around:

1.  From your Windows workstation, use FileZilla and login as described above.

2.  On the right-nav (server-side), tunnel to top folder, then down to: "etc"

3.  Tunnel to subfolder: "/etc/apache2/sites-available"

Be sure this is the "sites-available" and not the simlarly-named "sites-enabled".

4.  Click and drag file "000-default.conf"

from the Server side to a temp or desktop folder on the C: drive
(drag the file from the right-side panel to the left-side panel using the same steps as earlier)

5.  On your local drive, use Notepad to edit the config file, setting your site's name and other values:

Using Windows Notepad, File-Open/edit the C: temp file:  000-default.conf
Start, run, Notepad. 

Important: When doing the File Open, select *.* "All Files"

Add these highlighted statements to the file (some #comments not displayed in the interest of space).  This will be the first of two separate edits in this file:

<VirtualHost *:80>
    # The ServerName directive sets the request scheme, hostname
    # and port that the server uses to identify itself.
    ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
    DocumentRoot /var/www/html
    ServerName keyliner.com
    ServerAlias www.keyliner.com
    #Redirect permanent / https://keyliner.com/
    ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
    CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
 
   RewriteEngine on
   RewriteCond %{SERVER_NAME} = keyliner.com
   RewriteRule ^ https://%{SERVER_NAME}%{REQUEST_URI}
                               [END,NE,R=permanent]
</VirtualHost>
# vim: syntax=apache ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet


* Notepad-close and save the file, saving to the same temp C: location

(If creating this file by hand, when saving to notepad, save-as "000-default.conf" -- using quotes in the name.  This prevents Notepad from saving as 000-default.conf.txt.)

The file has a commented/hash-mark #Redirect statement.  This cannot be enabled until after the ssl cert is applied; plus more statements are needed.  This file will be re-edited in a moment, after an initial test.

6.  Using FileZilla, copy (drag) the edited file back to the server.

Drag file (C:\...\ 000-default.conf - with today's modified date)
from FileZilla's left-side (C: drive), dragging from detail side to detail/right side:

Drag to folder "/etc/apache2/sites-available"

Allow overwrite.
If it does not prompt to overwrite, you are at the wrong folder.


7.   Edit the site's main landing page - "index.html" by copying the file locally for edit:

Again, with FileZilla

a.  On the server-side (right-side tree), tunnel up to the top of the server's tree, locating the "/var" folder.
 
b.  Tunnel to folder "/var/www/html". 

c.  Drag "/var/www/html/index.html" from the server to your local drive, any temp folder.  If prompted, allow overwrite (from a previous test step).

d.  Using Notepad, "File-Open" the local copy for editing. 

Details:  Using your local Windows workstation. open Notepad.exe
File, Open (Select *.* All Files)
Open the C: download/temp folder, opening:  'index.html'

This is a busy file.  If you are like me, you are not an html-wizard.  Don't worry.  Snoop-around the complicated-looking file and make editing changes to your heart's desire.  Remove sections that bother you, etc..

Make various cosmetic changes to the webpage 'index.html' -- changing text to your domain's name, and other visual things.  Because this is for an initial test, do not worry about the page being ugly and do not worry about making horrible mistakes.  Keep your changes simple because you have other fish to fry -- this is just for a test.  Consider making a backup if you doubt your skills.

At the very least, make these two recommended changes:

1) Change the top-banner's domain's name from "Debian Default Page" to your domain's name -- this is cosmetic text.    

2)  Near the top of the file, look for a <title> tag.  This is the name that appears in the browser's open tabs.  Change to show your domain's name: 

<title>keyliner.com</title>

3)  Other optional changes.  The default page has a lot of unneeded sections.  Remove them by locating their opening and closing "<div> and </div> tags, and deleting everything between, including the tags.

e.  Save the (notepad) file to your C: drive.


8.  Using FileZilla, drag the updated "index.html"

drag from the c: temp folder,
back to the server's /var/www/html folder

 -- clicking and dragging the file from the "detail side" to the "detail side".  Allow overwrite.

9.  Restart Apache (or reboot the Pi)

From a terminal window:
sudo service apache2 restart  

(there are no prompts or indications, which is kindof lame. It only takes a few seconds but they could have said something on the restart, but they didn't...)


Local Testing:

View your new website from Chromium: 

From the server's desktop, launch a browser (Chromium) 
URL:  http://keyliner.com

Note your editing changes:

The site is visible locally, but not yet on the Internet.  Because the server lives inside your firewall, it is not (yet) exposed to the outside.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exposing the Pi to the Internet
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Allow Internet traffic on Port 80 (http) and Port 443 (https) to get past your firewall and arrive at the new server.  Do this by "punching holes" in your router.  If this sounds scary, do not worry.  The steps are straight-forward and are safe.

You must be able to login to your router's admin screens.  If not, consider this keyliner article, and this one.  (The person who setup your original network may be able to help with this password.  If all is lost, you can reset the router to factory defaults and start over from scratch.) 

A.  Login to your home router:  Open a browser and type the router's IP address (192.168.100.1).  Login using "admin" (not admini), and the router's password (see prerequisites) -- each router manufacturer is slightly different, but all are similar.  Illustrated here is a NetGear router.

B.  Select menu "Advanced Setup"  (different brand routers have different menus)
C.  Select "Port Forwarding/Port Triggering"  

D.  You will be changing two ports.

Step 1: Port 80 http

In the (Netgear router's) 'PortForwarding' section:

Use the pull-down menu and change the "Service Name" from ftp to "http" (port 80).

Add the Pi's IP Address:  192.168.100.245  (the pi's 'internal' address)
Save the changes.

Click for larger view

Step 2:  Punch a second hole in the 'Custom Service' section...

Again, in the same general area, select or confirm:
"Port Forwarding/Port Triggering"  (Netgear)
Click "+Add Custom Service" 

(see button illustrated above.  I have no idea why this sub-menu is so different than the http://80 menu -- seems weird to me.  "It is what it is.")

Example Netgear Custom Service

In the top field, type a Service Name:  "https"   (this is a cosmetic, invented name)
Select: TCP/UDP
External Port Range:  443-443   (with hyphens)
Internal Port Range:  443-443
Set the Internal IP Address:  192.168.100.245  (again, the pi's internal address)

Click "Apply"/Save

E.  Close the router screens.

If you mess this up, nothing will break in your home network, but you may not be able to reach the Pi webserver.  Seriously, as scary as this looks, it is low risk.  Notice how the ftp port 22 is not allowed past your firewall.  Your FTP ports are safe and are not exposed to the outside. 

See later for a comment about using fixed IP addresses like this.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pointing your Domain to your Server
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Getting close to being done-done!

The domain provider (GoDaddy) needs to know your external-facing IP Address.  
Change something called an "A-record." 

From your domain provider's administration pages, login to your domain (How to do this varies by provider, but all are similar.  You will be editing the "A-record".)  

! This assumes you are not hosting a webpage on their server and are not paying a monthly hosting fee for that website.  If yes, you may want to cancel that cost because the Pi-server is taking over that need.  

(The domain provider is the company that holds your domain address, keyliner.com.  And this company is likely different than your ISP/Internet provider.)

Example Godaddy steps:

a.  Once logged in, locate "Manage Domains" -- find your domain (keyliner.com)
b.  Select the "[DNS]" tab
c.  Edit the A-Record (A "type")

d.  In the "Data" field, type your external-facing IP Address.  My address is 96.19.200.6.  Your address will be different.

This is the external-facing IP address found in this article's prerequisites (from your workstation, Google "what is my IP").  

Caution:

In the A-Record:
Do not type the Pi's internal address.
Do not type the router's dot-one address

This is your external-facing IP Address and your address will be different than mine.  This address may change with a router reboot.  If it changes, the A-Record needs to be changed.  At some cost you can purchase a static IP from your ISP (this is not your Domain provider).

For this project, you are not using a "301 Redirect"  or "Forwarding with masking".  All you need is a simple A-Record change.

Test the Domain:
----------------------

"A-Record" changes take time to propagate through the inter-web.

a.  Confirm propagation: 

After making the (Godaddy) changes, use your Windows workstation and browse to

https://dnschecker.org

b.  Type your Domain ("keyliner.com") and see the progress world-wide.  Godaddy says it take anywhere from an hour to 48 hours.  My experience has been 10 minutes.

c.  Test from the "outside"

Once propagated, test the domain from the "outside". 
You cannot properly test your new page from within your home network. 

Consider trying this:  From your cellphone, turn off WiFi (and use only Cellular data for your connection -- steps not detailed here).

From your phone, browse to http://keyliner.com

If the page loads, and you can see your attractively-edited index.html, then success!  You may be prompted "this site is unsafe (http:)"; accept the risks by clicking "Advanced" and "Allow anyway".

d.  Consider calling a friend and asking them to browse to your website.  Warn them the site is unencrypted.  Or browse from a work PC or a work-VM.  This proves the firewall and A-Record are setup properly.

You could claim success and stop the project here.  But it is best to do another step.

-----------------------------------------------------------
https ssl encryption  (Port 443)
-----------------------------------------------------------



Nobody wants an unencrypted website.  From EFF (Electronic Frontier Foundation), and an organization called "letsEncrypt.com", get a free ssl certificate.  Apply this to your site and your URL will switch to "https://", giving it the coveted "lock" icon.

The ssl cert encrypts the site's traffic.  Encryption does not mean you are a good or bad guy; it just means the traffic can't be snooped.  You want this.  For reference, see:  https://letsencrypt.org/getting-started 

Steps:

! Confirm your domain is visible to the outside world as port 80/http or these steps will fail. 
You tested on your cellphone, or from the office, right?

1.  Login to the server's desktop using Putty, VNC, or from the main Terminal window

e.g. Putty:  
On your Windows desktop, launch Putty.exe
Address:  "keyliner.local"
Login:  "admini"
Password: ____________

e.g. VNC
From your Windows desktop, launch the VNC client
Delete any previous connections (see text. a bug?)
File, New Connection
Host/Server Name:  keyliner.local
Login:  "admini"
Password: ____________

2.  Install "snapd" on the Pi.

On the Pi server's desktop or from a putty terminal window, install "snapd" - this is needed by the soon-to-be-installed CertBot. 

From a Putty, or a Terminal session, login as "admini" and type these case-sensitive commands:
 
sudo apt update
sudo apt install snapd
sudo reboot
 
3.  On reboot, re-launch the terminal window and re-connect as "admini". 

Note these commands use "snap", not "snapd":
 
sudo snap install core
sudo snap refresh core
 

4.  From the same terminal window, continue with this cleanup:

un-install any pre-installed CertBots (there are likely none)
sudo apt-get remove certbot

5.  Continue with the CertBot install, again using the word "snap":

Note double and single hyphens
Note leading slashes
Note the irregular usr spelling
Note "ln" = lower-case el-N, not "1" (one)
Note "apache", not "apache2", and again, double-hyphens

sudo snap install --classic certbot   
sudo ln -s /snap/bin/certbot  /usr/bin/certbot    

followed by:
sudo certbot --apache

Important 1:
When prompted for your email address, type a real (reliable) email address for notifications.  The new cert expires and must be renewed -- you want to know this is happening.  No junk email accounts here.  LetsEncrypt and EFF Foundation are legitimate companies.

! Write down the email address you used, label as "Cert Email Notifications".

Answer "Y"  (capital Y) for License/terms of service
Answer "Y" or "N" for the EFF Newsletter.  
The EFF organization is legitimate and I marked "Y" - they send interesting newsletters.

Important 2:
When prompted "Enter the domain name(s) you would like a certificate, comma-separated", 

type "keyliner.com, www.keyliner.com"

(Notice the comma.  Obviously, use your own domain.  No @-sign, no quotes.)

note: When I first did this, I just used "keyliner.com" (without the "www").  I later had to revisit the certbot --apache step and add the second domain.   If you have other webservers, they can share this same certificate by adding them to the same comma-list. 

No need to review, but the cert bot wrote a log file here:
see file  /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log

Possible CERT problem:
"Certbot failed to authenticate.  The Certificate Authority reported these problems:
Domain: keyliner.com
Type: Unauthorized
detail:  76.223.105.230: Invalid response from http://keyliner.com/.well-known/acme-challenge.... 404

Likely solutions: 
Did you punch a hole in your router for ports 80 and 443?  <- I screwed this up, forgetting 443.
Did you build your (Godaddy) A-Record properly?  
Unlikely, did your external-facing IP address change while building the Cert?

6.  Test the renewal:
Test the renewal with the dry-run command.

sudo certbot renew --dry-run

A drawback to the free LetsEncrypt's ssl certs is they expire every 90 days, where most certs last for a year or two.  Renewing is easy, but it is another nuisance to contend with.  If you house your domain with them, they auto-renew, otherwise, you have to manually run the command.  I suppose this is a way to drive business.  As they say, "no such thing as a free lunch."

Best-practice does say the cert should be changed more frequently than yearly, so I do understand that point of view.

7.  The Cert is not quite enough.  One more edit is needed, telling non-encrypted traffic to switch over to https.  Force "www.keyliner.com" and "http://keyliner.com" to re-route to the encrypted side.

 
Using the changes below, intercept all calls to "http://keyliner.com" and "www.keyliner.com," redirecting to https: (ssl port 443).  Do this by re-editing Apache's 000-default.conf file.  This is the second edit to this file.

a.  Re-edit "000-default.conf:

Using FileZilla, re-drag this file from the server to a temp location on your C: drive, overwriting previous copies as needed, or if the last-changes are still current, re-edit your local copy:

drag from
/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default.conf 

to a working folder on your C: drive.

b.  Using Windows Notepad, (re) edit the file with a
File, Open,
Change the file-type to All Files (*.*).  

c.  Un-comment the 'Redirect Permanent' statement by removing the #hash-sign.

d.  Add (type) a new block of code near the bottom of the file.  This is the new Port 443 section.  Add these lines after the closing /VirutalHost tag, which is just above the last #vim statement at the end of the file.

Illustrated:

Click for larger view or see text

As text: 

<VirtualHost *:80>
    # The ServerName directive sets the request scheme, hostname
    # and port that the server uses to identify itself.

    ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
    DocumentRoot /var/www/html
    ServerName keyliner.com
    ServerAlias www.keyliner.com
    Redirect permanent / https://keyliner.com/
    ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
    CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
   RewriteEngine on
   RewriteCond %{SERVER_NAME} = keyliner.com
   RewriteRule ^ https://%{SERVER_NAME}%{REQUEST_URI} [END,NE,R=permanent]
 
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost *:443>  ServerName keyliner.com
  ServerAlias www.keyliner.com
  Protocols h2 http/1.1

  <If "%{HTTP_HOST} == 'www.keyliner.com'">
    Redirect permanent / https://keyliner.com/
  </If>
  # SSL Configuration

  # Other Apache Configuration
</VirtualHost>
# vim: syntax=apache ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet

e.  Save the Notepad file!  Close Notepad.
 

f.  Use FileZilla to re-post (drag) the file back to the server.  Again, drag the file from the left-hand detail-side to the server's right-hand detail-side. Destination:

Drag from C: drive to:
/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default.conf


g.  Restart Apache (there are no prompts or indications):

From a terminal window:
sudo service apache2 restart  

Testing the Cert: 

Re-test the website.  Re-test from a local workstation, and then from the outside.  You may need to clear browser cache.

A.  With your local Windows workstation browser, try all three different URL's:

https://keyliner.com  (note the "s").   Confirm encryption; see below
http://keyliner.com    Confirm https by looking at the URL-bar:
www.keyliner.com    Confirm https:

B.  Optionally:  Assuming you arrived as https://, investigate the cert:

In a browser, open your new https site. 
Click the "lock" icon near the URL (Firefox; other browsers similar).
Tunnel into "More information", and "View Certificate". 
Various goodies, including the all-important expiration date.

Click for larger view

Renewing the Cert:

"LetsEncrypt's" free ssl cert expires in every 3 months, ostensibly for security reasons.  Add a reminder in your phone's calendar to renew the cert.  

My piddly webpage just doesn't care about all this security, but regardless, you must renew four times per year.

When the cert is near expiration, you will get an email:
From a putty/terminal window, use:   sudo certbot renew

---------------------------------------------------------
Final Hardware Steps
---------------------------------------------------------

After the initial setup, the Pi can run unattended, and can be managed remotely using Putty, VNC, and FileZilla.  The Pi becomes an appliance and no longer needs a keyboard, mouse, or monitor.

Final steps:
Shut-down the Pi
Unplug all the goodies
Move the Pi to its forever home, usually near the router
Plug in the ethernet cable
Plug in the power

The Pi boots (silently) and automatically starts the webserver.
From any workstation (internal or external) or cellphone, browse to your site to confirm your wiring is good and the page loads.

If you have failures here, check the wiring and their blinky lights.  With VNC, check the up-down/eth0 icon in the upper right menu and confirm the network settings.  From the Linux desktop, open the Chromium browser and browse to Google.  If Google works, the problem will be with the Domain provider.

For fun: In my home wiring closet, you can see two Raspberry Pies, one for a webserver and a second unrelated Pi for a DNS Sinkhole (keyliner article: pi-hole).

---------------------------------------------------------
You are done-done!
---------------------------------------------------------

The webserver is complete and in production. 

Final thoughts. 
If you are cheap like me, you did not buy a static IP address from your ISP.  This means you need to keep an eye on your home-router's external-facing IP Address. 

From any workstation, periodically check your external facing IP ("what is my ip") and see if the address has changed.  Or just see if your page loads.  If the page is not found, likely the external IP address changed.  If changed, modify your Domain's "A-Record" (at Godaddy), and wait for propagation. 

The domain's A-Record points to your ISP's external address - which can change!
The ssl Cert is tied to the Pi's internal address (192.168.100.245) - unlikely to change. 

If you replace your router, say with a different brand, it may start at a different subnet, such as 10.10.1.1, etc..  Rather than rebuild the world, tell the new router to use the same "192.168(.100).1" address as before.  This way all the other devices in your house don't need to be told about the new IP address, and you won't have to re-build the cert.  If you do change your internal IP Address scheme, see LetsEncrypt.com for details.
 
Document your good work.  This stuff is too hard to figure out later.
 
Record in writing, these things:

Main Router IP Address (.1)
_________________
(Netgear wireless)

Main Router Admin Password:
_________________


Your Domain Name:
_________________
(keyliner.com)

Domain Provider Login
_________________
(Godaddy.com, etc.)

Domain Provider Password:
_________________


Raspberry Pi internal IP Address (.245): 
_________________

External-facing IP Address: (likely will change)
_________________
(Google "what is my IP)

Linux "admini" password / Terminal / VNC:
_________________
(or "pi" password)

"root" password:
_________________


your local "traywolf" password:
_________________


Cert First Renewal Date:
_________________
(renews quarterly: sudo certbot renew)

Cert Email Notification Address used:
_________________
(from LetsEncrypt.com)


Print this file:
/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default.conf
 
This article's permanent link:
https://keyliner.blogspot.com/2023/09/install-raspberry-pi-webserver-step-by.html

Store a copy of these notes on your OneDrive or GDrive. 

Make backups of the Configuration files, and backup the index.html, as well as any graphics you may have added to the page. 
 
 
Next Goals:
The default Apache 'index.html' page is beyond ugly.  Your next task should be to build a prettier main landing page.  

Not knowing html, and not being a good graphics designer, I spent hours building a new index.html page -- spending far more time on this than on building the original server!   And even after this, my keyliner page (which is different than this blog) still looks like a Jr.High student's first webpage.  Since this is my first-ever  "real" web page, forgive the artistry.  The page meets my goals. 

A benefit of your own server is no practical limits on how large, how many pages, or how many graphics you load.  If you exceed the 32gb available on the internal drive, you could add a secondary external USB disk.

I used these tools to build the page.
I started with a WordPerfect table (or blech, Word), added graphics, then saved as html.  The code was not good.  Abandoning that, I next used PaintShopPro, drawing a large multi-part image, and then overlayed an "ImageMap" with clickable hot-spots (a feature of PaintShopPro).  I put this code in the "index.html" file.

My page is low-tech but it works well-enough.  

It would help to have a real web development software, one that writes the html for you.  If you had such a creature, you could upload it directly to this server.  My friend, Doug, has such software.  I hope he leaves a comment here telling us-all what it is.

 2022.0919 - Known issue: Graphics not displaying - solved:
When the new graphics on the landing page (index.html) were tested on the local workstation, it worked perfectly.  But once uploaded to the server, the graphics did not resolve, with file-not-found.  (index.html can be saved on the local C: drive.  From a browser, type url:  "file://path/index.html" to test (no quotes).)

Contrary to many articles on the Internet, this was not a rights problem.  There is nothing wrong with your server or its setup, and this is not a problem with "relative" vs "fixed paths."

The problem was filenames are case-sensitive in Linux, both in the html code and in the actual filename.  In Windows, my filenames had mixed case; in HTML, all were typed with lower-case.  I changed the Windows filenames to lower-case and re-ftp'd them to the server, fixing the problem.

img src="IndexImages/keylinerTopBanner-810.png  is not the same as
img src="indeximages/keylinertopbanner-810.png

full description of the problem in this article, and it shows how to rename in Windows:
https://keyliner.blogspot.com/2023/09/problem-graphics-not-displaying-on.html

For your reference, my "indexl.html" file, which uses an ImageMap is shown below.  This was generated by my photo-editor.

Finally,
The Netscape logo at the top of this article is a small jest.  Hope it brought back fond memories.

2024.02 Update - the server has been running for 5 months, with no downtime -- not even an A-Record change.  Flawless.

For reference: keyliner.com's "index.html" file:

<html>
<head>
<meta name="Author" content="">
<meta name="Generator" content="PaintShop Pro">
<title>    </title>
</head>
<body>

<img name="TopMenuImageMap0" src="TopMenuImageMap.png" width="483" height="1179" border="0" usemap="#TopMenuImageMap" alt="" />

<map name="TopMenuImageMap">
<area shape="rect" coords="14,106,178,359" href="https://keyliner.blogspot.com/2024/01/citystateparse-parse-single-line.html" alt="">
<area shape="rect" coords="182,108,328,360" href="https://imageliner.blogspot.com" alt="">
<area shape="rect" coords="333,90,479,331" href="https://cookliner.blogspot.com" alt="">
<area shape="rect" coords="301,374,455,617" href="https://keyliner.blogspot.com/2020/04/war-and-peace-programming-in-c.html" alt="">
<area shape="rect" coords="66,449,287,534" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09QZW6RML?binding=kindle_edition" alt="War and Peace Programming on Amazon">
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Related articles:
Ad-blocking with a Pi-Hole
https://keyliner.blogspot.com/2018/01/network-wide-blocking-of-ads-tracking.html

DeviceID - Inventory tag showing current IP and external IP.  This is a keyliner-developed program and is free for download.  Write this program yourself using my book, "War and Peace Programming" - Amazon.

https://keyliner.blogspot.com/2022/06/device-id-asset-tag-management.html

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